Studies on South-South international relations, and science and innovation diplomacy are now more organically a part of IEA's research agenda. This became possible with the entry of the Center for the Study of International Negotiations (CAENI) - a research support center (NAP) of USP's Dean of Research and Innovation (PRPI) - to the academic structure of the Institute, after approval of the proposal of membership by IEA's Board.

Initially a research laboratory of the Department of Political Science (DCP) at USP's Faculty of Philosophy, Languages and Literature, and Human Sciences (FFLCH), the CAENI became a NAP in 2012. Having South-South trade relations as its central theme, the Center began to study the dynamics of the constitution and functioning of coalitions of countries considered to be sub-regional leaders.

In this initial phase, the emphasis of the work was given to studies on IBAS (India, Brazil, and South Africa) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). Within this context, some works have been dedicated to the analysis of Brazilian foreign policy focused on South-South relations.

As of 2019, without abandoning these themes on country coalitions and Brazilian foreign policy, the Center began to more systematically focus on studies about scientific diplomacy and innovation. That year, it organized the first Advanced School on Science and Innovation Diplomacy (InnScid), whose fifth edition took place this month. The IEA has hosted the initiative for three years. The InnScid is linked to the program São Paulo School of Advanced Science (ESPCA), funded by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).

In the last two years, the researchers of the CAENI have been developing projects on gender equality in science, technology, and innovation in the context of multi- and bilateral negotiations, global circulation of research data, the role of international networks in the advancement of science, and digital cooperation, among other topics. In 2022, the Center joined an international research network on data diplomacy, a research branch of science and innovation diplomacy.

The research projects carried out by the Center are financed by national and international funding agencies. In addition to these projects, the CAENI conducts extension courses on international negotiations, international relations, and science and innovation diplomacy.

In addition to the support from the President's Office at USP and the deans for Research and Innovation, Undergraduation, and Culture and University Extension, CAENI's projects also receive funding from FAPESP, the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development in Brazil (CNPq), the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, and the European Research Council.

With a multidisciplinary structure, the Center brings together professors, researchers, and undergraduate and graduate students from different units at USP, as well as collaborating researchers from other Brazilian and foreign institutions.

The CAENI is coordinated by Amâncio Jorge Silva Nunes de Oliveira, a full professor at USP's Institute of International Relations (IRI) and vice-director of the Paulista Museum. The deputy scientific coordinator is Janina Onuki, a full professor at the DCP-FFLCH, former director at IRI, and a participant in IEA's Sabbatical Year Program. The board is made up of four professors: Cristiane Lucena Carneiro and Pedro Feliú Ribeiro, both from IRI, and João Paulo Candia Veiga and Manoel Galdino, both from the DCP-FFLCH.

The Center's current research agenda focuses on two themes: Scientific and Innovation Diplomacy, and Brazilian Foreign Policy and International Cooperation. In addition to carrying out the annual editions of InnScid, the CAENI will keep several other projects until 2026, which marks the deadline for the current renovation of the Center as a NAP. Some highlights are:

• Gender STI: an analysis of women's participation in the various areas related to science, technology and innovation, with funding from FAPESP and the European Union.
• Science Diplomacy 2.0: carried out in partnership with the University of Manchester and funded by the Horizon Europe program of the European Union, it aims to map the main databases considered one of the main assets for science diplomacy.
• Multilateralism and Global Challenges: Past, Present, and Future: a project in partnership with the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) and funded by CNPq aimed at identifying the main topics under debate in multilateral arenas, the role of the states in these forums, and their capacity to produce results.

Throughout its 11 years of operation, the CAENI has carried out an intense training and qualification program aimed at a broad spectrum of the public, from high school students to members of high public administration positions.

The courses mainly address aspects of international negotiations in the context of South-South relations. The coordination highlights that the participation of personnel engaged in international negotiation processes, both in the private and governmental fields, subsidizes the research agenda, thus creating a feedback process between research and teaching.

Three Brazilians were among the 19 young researchers participating in the first phase of the 4th Intercontinental Academia (ICA 4), held in Paris from October 18 to 27. The current edition addresses the theme "Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence" and the objective of the group is to explore fundamental interdisciplinary issues at the intersection of cognitive science, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence.

Two Brazilian participants are professors at USP: André Fujita, from the Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, who has been appointed by the IEA, and specialist in health technology assessment Patricia Coelho de Soárez, from the Medical School, which has supported her. The third Brazilian is Evandro Cunha, a professor of computational linguistics at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG).

The ICA is an initiative of the international network of University-Based Institutes for Advanced Study (UBIAS). Each edition is organized by two IASs from different continents. In the case of ICA 4, the hosts are the Paris Institute for Advanced Study and UFMG's Institute of Advanced Transdisciplinary Studies. The second phase will be held in June 2022, in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

During the eight days of seminars, several themes have been discussed in a comprehensive manner, according to Fujita and Soárez. The sessions were followed by meetings between participants and mentors, as well as by visits to universities in the French capital.

The Installation Theory, a new field dedicated to understanding, analyzing, and changing behavior has been one of the addressed topics, being discussed besides the concept of intelligence, philosophy of computing, ethical principles in AI, the future of AI and its challenges, relationships between humans and machines, consciousness and emotion, robots of the future, the impact of AI on economy, theoretical frameworks for the functioning of deep neural networks, and the issue of whether or not it is really necessary to develop intelligent machines that mimic humans and their usefulness.

André Fujita (left) and Toshio Fukuda during a meeting at the Paris-Saclay Normal School. Professor emeritus from Nagoya University, Fukuda is one of the world's leading authorities on robotics.

Fujita has held individual meetings with Xiao-Jing Wang, Toshio Fukuda, Marc Mézard, Zaven Paré, Saadi Lahlou, Simon Luck, and Olivier Bouin, all mentors (senior researchers) of the ICA 4. At these, he has been able to describe his research projects and areas of work, and asked for criticism and suggestions.

Wang, Fukuda, and Mézard have praised the innovative aspects of Fujita's research projects in network statistics and in the use of heart rate variability (HRV) in the construction of a heart-machine interface, according to the Brazilian. They have also presented suggestions for a greater scope of work. Luck and Bouin have discussed possibilities for research grants at IASs in France and opportunities for funding Fujita's work in Europe.

He has also established connections for possible cooperation with Deshen Moodley and Surange Kasturi, two of the junior researchers participating in ICA 4. While Moodley could possibly become someone to work with in the area of HRV, Kasturi will potentially meet Fujita in the first semester of 2022 in the United States, where he works with the use of AI in data analysis in the health area.

Soárez has highlighted the exhibitions "In AI We Trust - Power, Illusion, and Control of Predictive Algorithms," given by Helga Nowotny, professor emeritus from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, and "Myths and Misunderstandings About Responsibility for the Unintended Impact of Artificial Intelligence," by Karen Yeung, a researcher of law, ethics, and informatics at the University of Birmingham. "Their speeches have sparked my interest in studying the economic, ethical, and social implications of the application of AI to health in the Brazilian context more deeply."

Patricia Soárez (right) with Laura Candiotto, from the Center for Ethics as Study in Human Value at the University of Pardubice

Yeung was chosen by Soárez as her mentor during ICA 4. "She is actively involved in technology policy in the UK and has been dedicated to understanding the challenges associated with the regulation and governance of emerging technologies," said the Brazilian.

According to Soárez, Yeung's recent work is focused on the legal, ethical, and social implications of using these new technologies. "We have started a discussion on the development of a project tentatively named An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Cancerology: Clinical Effectiveness and Social Implications," she said.

As an offshoot of this initial collaboration and supported by Sue Gilligan, manager of interdisciplinary research projects at the University of Birmingham, Soárez is now working with a group of ICA 4 participants to organize a proposal for a mid-term meeting at the British institution in March 2022. The idea is to discuss individual projects before the second stage of ICA 4 in November.

Another initiative by the researchers, Fujita said, will be the production of an article about the different points of view regarding AI and what the field expects for the next 20 years.

It will be a kind of manifesto signed by everyone, he said. "To this end, we will meet virtually every two weeks. Initially, we are scheduling seminars so that each one can better understand the research projects carried out by the others. We will also read articles on AI chosen by each of us. It is worth noting that we are a very heterogeneous group, formed by specialists in computer science, engineering, biology, philosophy, economics, law, and neuroscience, among other areas. This will allow us to have a very broad idea on the subject."

For Soárez, participating in the ICA 4 has challenged her to inaugurate a new way of thinking, articulating, and doing her research: "The greatest learning have I gained was the awakening to the possibility of developing new research projects with an interdisciplinary approach. And the best product was the potential to establish a solid and diversified academic network of researchers around the world. I hope to experience the celebration of the excellence and impact of the research projects developed by this collaborative network in the near future."

She also highlights that the visits to the Paris-Saclay University, the Sorbonne Center for Artificial Intelligence, and the Paris-Saclay Normal School have expanded networking possibilities beyond the Paris Institute for Advanced Studies.

Photos: Paris Institute for Advanced Study

Based mainly on community ties and experiences of political resistance to the social oppressions that occur in the peripheries, cultural collectives "reinvent forms of productive organization, constituting local arrangements based on other logics, distinct from the neoliberal productive paradigm," according to Professor Dennis de Oliveira, from the Department of Journalism and Publishing at USP's School of Communications and Arts (ECA), a participant in IEA's Sabbatical Year Program in 2019.

From July to December, he will develop the project "Insurgent Outskirts: the Culture and Communication Collectives in the Peripheries of São Paulo," in which he will map the performance of these groups and analyze three aspects:

• the experiences of the collectives in relation to the role of communicative processes as guiding axes of their organizational perspectives;
• the resignification processes of the peripheral territories from the collectives' action;
• the relations maintained by the collectives with government agencies, companies, universities, and other institutions.